EXTREMELY OUT-OF-EQUILIBRIUM 1D GASES

I will describe a series of experiments with 1D Bose gases out of equilibrium. Except in the limits of zero and infinite coupling, dynamical solutions for these nearly integrable systems could not be calculated until an approximate technique was invented in 2016, generalized hydrodynamics (GHD). We experimentally test GHD in the strong and intermediate coupling regimes by suddenly changing trap depths so that the 1D gases rapidly compress by as much as a factor of 35. Over many trap periods, we study the evolution of the distribution of rapidities, which are the momenta of the quasiparticles in these many-body systems. We find excellent agreement between our experiments and GHD theory.

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